The Comic Scenes in Doctor Faustus Essay Example For Students

The Comic Scenes in Doctor Faustus Essay Dr. Faustus, decidedly a tragic play, contains a number of comic scenes. It is a matter of sheer conjecture whether Marlowe wrote these scenes himself or allowed someone else to write them in deference to the prevailing taste of the times, because, Marlowe in the Prologue to Tambularine had contemptuously discarded buffoonery or clownage as being inappropriate for the dignity of tragic drama. The comic scenes of Dr. Faustus are significant in many respects. Now we may have a brief examination of the comic scenes. The first comic scene (Act I, Scene II) occurs between Wagner, the servant of Dr. Faustus and between two scholars. Wagner here parodies the mediaeval scholastic process of reasoning adopted by scholars whose discussions he has often heard at his masters residence. The scholars ask him as to the whereabouts of Faustus. Wagner tries first to puzzle them by his answers. Then he says, God in heaven knows where Faustus is. Certainly this produces laughter but it also indicates the degeneration of Faustus. Faustus, after turning to necromancy, will certainly degenerate and only God knows where he will go. We will write a custom essay on The Comic Scenes in Doctor Faustus specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Wagner refers to the dining hall as the place of execution. It is also the place of the moral execution of Faustus. This scene also indicates the misuse of knowledge. Faustus in the previous scene uses logic to justify reason for turning to necromancy while Wagner is using logic for no other purpose than to puzzle the two scholars. The next comic scene occurs in Act I, Scene IV. Wagner and the clown are engaged in this scene. Wagner wishes to engage the clown as his servant, and referring to the poverty of the clown he says that the clown is so hungry that he would give his soul to the devil for a shoulder of mutton, though it were blood-raw. But the clown refuses and he says the if he must give his soul for the sake of food, he will insist on the mutton being well-roasted and being good sauce. This scene no doubt produces laughter, but it is important also to indicate the degeneration of Faustus. Faustus would sell his soul to Mephistophilis for infinite power while the clown would sell his soul to the devil for good food. Both transactions are ridiculous the first even more than the second because the first is far less realistic. The next comic scene is the scene of seven deadly scenes in Act II, Scene II. The seven deadly scenes namely Pride, Covetousness, Lust, Envy, Gluttony, Anger and Sloth were very important in mediaeval and later Christian theology. They played an important role in many works of mediaeval and Renaissance literature. The various sins do certainly amuse us by the manner which they describe their respective characteristics. Pride disdains to have any parents; Covetousness would like the house and all the people in it to be turned into gold; Wrath wounds himself with his daggers when there is nobody else to attack; Envy is begotten of a chimney-sweeper and an oyster-wife; Gluttony has bacon, beef, claret as his ancestors. When Faustus says that their parade feeds his soul, we can realize that he is going to be damned. Because, these sins are considered to put the soul of anyone manifesting them in peril of perpetual damnation. This scene is important also for the moral edification of the audience. The audience will be taught to hate these sins. In Act III, Scene I, Faustus harasses the Pope and other priests by remaining invisible. The scene may be considered as subversive criticism of religion as it alludes to the spiritual sterility of popes and priests. .ue0ccdce5d8bed9a67b23730a450aeece , .ue0ccdce5d8bed9a67b23730a450aeece .postImageUrl , .ue0ccdce5d8bed9a67b23730a450aeece .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue0ccdce5d8bed9a67b23730a450aeece , .ue0ccdce5d8bed9a67b23730a450aeece:hover , .ue0ccdce5d8bed9a67b23730a450aeece:visited , .ue0ccdce5d8bed9a67b23730a450aeece:active { border:0!important; } .ue0ccdce5d8bed9a67b23730a450aeece .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue0ccdce5d8bed9a67b23730a450aeece { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue0ccdce5d8bed9a67b23730a450aeece:active , .ue0ccdce5d8bed9a67b23730a450aeece:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue0ccdce5d8bed9a67b23730a450aeece .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue0ccdce5d8bed9a67b23730a450aeece .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue0ccdce5d8bed9a67b23730a450aeece .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue0ccdce5d8bed9a67b23730a450aeece .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue0ccdce5d8bed9a67b23730a450aeece:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue0ccdce5d8bed9a67b23730a450aeece .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue0ccdce5d8bed9a67b23730a450aeece .ue0ccdce5d8bed9a67b23730a450aeece-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue0ccdce5d8bed9a67b23730a450aeece:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Why is this scene dramatic? Essay SummaryThe events that occur in Act IV, Scenes I II with Ralph, Robin and Mephistophilis are also comical. Robin is preferring magic on the basis of what he has learnt from Faustuss book. He summons Mephistophilis in order to teach the innkeeper a lesson. But, Mephistophilis, being irritated changes Robin and Ralph into an ape and a dog respectively. Faustus in Act IV, Scene III, makes a pair of horns grow on the head of a knight who has been insolent towards him. It has a touch of comedy but it also indicates that Faustus, who could become Emperor of Emperors, has now turned into a mere trickster. The scene (Act IV, Scene IV) of Faustuss dealing with a horse-courser is the last comical scene. The manner of talking the horse-courser provides laughter. But indicates to the extreme point of the degeneration of Dr. Faustus. The man who can have billions of dollars by his necromantic power now deceives a horse-courser only for forty dollars. A great scholar has turned into a trickster. The comic scenes, however, indicate some defects in the play. The abundance, according to a critic, of the comic scenes here weakens the dramatic quality. Many time the comic scenes are not up to the mark. In the harassment of the Pope, comedy degenerates into farce. The practical jokes played on the horse-courser is sheer-clownage and unworthy of a somber and great play such as Doctor Faustus. Despite all these facts, however, these comic scenes are significant. It may be said that the various comic scenes serve to fill the interval between Faustuss attainment of magical power and the damnation, which overtakes him after the gap of twenty-four years.

Free Essays on Good Country People

Flannery O’Connor’s Use of Irony in â€Å"Good Country People† â€Å"Good Country People† by Flannery O’Connor is an excellent example of irony in literature. From beginning to end it has a steady demonstration of irony, much of it implied in the title of the story, â€Å"Good Country People.† As the story opens, we meet Mrs. Freeman, wife of the hired hand. She and her husband have been working for Mrs. Hopewell for four years. â€Å"The reason for her keeping them so long was that they were not trash. They were ‘Good Country People,’† according to Mrs. Hopewell (396). Ironically one of the first things we learn about Mrs. Freeman is that her previous employer has called her the nosiest woman ever to walk the earth. Then, as the story progresses, we learn she has a special fondness for the details of secret infections, hidden deformities, assaults upon children. It seems that for a good country person she has a vicious curiosity in the macabre. She particularly enjoys hearing all the details of how Hulga had her leg literally blasted off in a hunting accident. In affect, O’Connor exposes a cynical and ironic outlook of Hulga in â€Å"Good Country People† that is told throughout the story. As the story moves on we can see the conflict between Mrs. Hopewell and her daughter Hulga. Hulga treats her mother with disdain, and does everything she can to emphasize her own individuality. She professes to believe in nothing. â€Å"My daughter is an atheist and won’t let me keep the Bible in the parlor† exclaims Mrs. Hopewell (400). Hulga is a proud intellectual and has little doubt of her belief in â€Å"nothingness.† However, ironically in the end she is proven to be very much like her mother in that she falls prey to the same naà ¯ve stereotypes as her mother. Hulga believes Manley Pointer to be â€Å"Good Country People,† and is shocked to find out that he is not the good Christian bible salesman she thought him to be. As we fir... Free Essays on Good Country People Free Essays on Good Country People Flannery O’Connor’s Use of Irony in â€Å"Good Country People† â€Å"Good Country People† by Flannery O’Connor is an excellent example of irony in literature. From beginning to end it has a steady demonstration of irony, much of it implied in the title of the story, â€Å"Good Country People.† As the story opens, we meet Mrs. Freeman, wife of the hired hand. She and her husband have been working for Mrs. Hopewell for four years. â€Å"The reason for her keeping them so long was that they were not trash. They were ‘Good Country People,’† according to Mrs. Hopewell (396). Ironically one of the first things we learn about Mrs. Freeman is that her previous employer has called her the nosiest woman ever to walk the earth. Then, as the story progresses, we learn she has a special fondness for the details of secret infections, hidden deformities, assaults upon children. It seems that for a good country person she has a vicious curiosity in the macabre. She particularly enjoys hearing all the details of how Hulga had her leg literally blasted off in a hunting accident. In affect, O’Connor exposes a cynical and ironic outlook of Hulga in â€Å"Good Country People† that is told throughout the story. As the story moves on we can see the conflict between Mrs. Hopewell and her daughter Hulga. Hulga treats her mother with disdain, and does everything she can to emphasize her own individuality. She professes to believe in nothing. â€Å"My daughter is an atheist and won’t let me keep the Bible in the parlor† exclaims Mrs. Hopewell (400). Hulga is a proud intellectual and has little doubt of her belief in â€Å"nothingness.† However, ironically in the end she is proven to be very much like her mother in that she falls prey to the same naà ¯ve stereotypes as her mother. Hulga believes Manley Pointer to be â€Å"Good Country People,† and is shocked to find out that he is not the good Christian bible salesman she thought him to be. As we fir...

Supply Chain Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Supply Chain Management - Essay Example It is always necessary that the inventory does not get too out of hands and is not short of the predicted demand at the same time. Definition Supply Chain Management refers to the entire process and stages that go in the supply of goods and services. To coordinate the production and market supply. It refers to the management and integration of all operations within and outside of the organization to maintain the entire supply chain, like production of goods, entire process of inventory stocking, procurement of raw materials from various suppliers outside the organization, transportation and distribution of raw and readymade goods in a cost effective manner, so as to ensure the overall cost of production can be kept low, in turn resulting higher profit margins. In addition to the scope mentioned as above, one of the most important functions of the supply chain management is to draw business boundaries and define the scope of the business, which will allow an organization to analyze an d understand the feasibility of carrying out a certain production function in-house or outsourcing the stage for better results. According to Mentzer, et al: "Supply chain Management (SCM) is defined as the systematic, strategic coordination of the traditional business functions and the tactics across these business functions within a particular company and across businesses within the supply chain, for the purpose of improving the long-term performance of the individual companies and the supply chain as a whole" (Ballou 5). Functions The main roles of supply chain management can be understood by dividing them into the following heads: Identifying the Scope and Feasibility Demand and Supply/Adequate Inventory Logistics Procuring and purchasing Production Sales The primary role of supply chain management is to observe and analyze the existing operation cycle of an organization and then define the scope of the various stages and aspects of in-house production. This is done to understa nd the feasibility of outsourcing some stages of operation to a third party in order to keep the cost low, get better quality products and get the finished product in a limited time, so as to ensure smooth running of the organization. Demand and Supply as discussed are at the core of any business defining its market existence and sustenance. The key is to meet the current market demand and have adequate stocks to meet any sudden changes in the demand curve, yet ensuring that the stock inventory goes too high that it starts affecting the overall cost of production. Obtaining, storing, transporting and then distributing are the core functions in the logistics function of the supply chain management. Fetching and transporting the raw material to the production site and then storing the finished product in the warehouses to finally getting the products distributed to be consumed directly by the consumer are some of the functions of the logistics that in turn have a major affect on all t he other stages in the entire supply chain management cycle. Procuring and pur

Internet Usages Affect People's Tourism Booking And Decision-making Essay

Internet Usages Affect People's Tourism Booking And Decision-making - Essay Example This report stresses that most people prefer internet travel planning and booking due to its efficiency. It offers more information and costs lesser than a travel agency. It also has no time limit for information search and one can see videos or movies of the chosen destination. The internet is also non-stop available hence one can access the information from anywhere with internet access. One can compare offers quickly and at the same time find opinions of other persons since the internet provides some degree of freedom. This paper makes a conclusion that internet travel planning and booking also has its disadvantages. The website is not able to distinguish between cheap and best value ,for example a room may be deemed as cheap whereas it does not fit the client’s expectations. The internet websites do not understand the clients. The client often does not know what they are getting themselves into. Unlike a travel agent who can know what the client can and cannot put up with, the internet is not able to know. The internet websites are also not proactive. This implies that they do not understand the clients and they do not offer the best value but just raw price. Websites cannot be able to look into the whites of the eyes. An agent can use their skills to read an itinerary, to understand it, analyze any real issues and then communicate them to the client. This study shows that an increasing number is turning to social media to help them with the research.

Impact of Music on the Body

Impact of Music on the Body Music and Success Music in itself has a strong impact on the emotional state of the human body. By listening to a certain type of tone or melody, it can make us feel happy or even sad. When listening to sad music, you can become saddened by it, relating to what the lyrics say, or the type of major its in. The same happens with happy or upbeat music, you tend to want to dance or jump around, or even sing along! Not only can music change the way you feel, but it can also, in some cases, help you concentrate better. If music is capable of changing your emotions, do you think that training with it could also determine how successful you are throughout your life? Albert Einstein is known worldwide to be one of the worlds greatest minds. A master of the sciences, a wonderful mathematician, and a great philosopher. His whole life, he had grown up listening, learning, and training with music because of his mother. She was a professional pianist and his father was a salesman with a passion for mathematics. His mother thought it would be nice to get her son into learning an instrument, so the violin became the instrument of choice. Einstein grew up with a passion and love for music Life without playing music is inconceivable to me. I live my daydreams in music. I see my life in terms of music I get most joy in life out of music. (Bergland) I believe, as do others, that musical training had helped him develop certain skills sooner than he wouldve originally had in the first place. Of course, it could be because of his fathers influence of his passion for mathematics, but researchers say otherwise. There are many different kinds of benefits to musical training that are shown to be true. Musical improvisation is a type of special training that makes you rely on the working memory less, using instead more extensive connectivities to the brain. It can stimulate the area of the brain that can enhance your main senses such as touching, hearing, seeing, ect. Adult musicians and musically trained children in the new Boston study showed enhanced performance on several aspects of executive functioning. (Bergland) Musicians that have grown older have shown signs of acute hearing and enhanced and developed motor skills, being able to switch quickly from one mental task to the other. Even children who were training in instruments were tested in IQ and seemed to have a higher level of intelligence than those who did not, and naturally, a higher IQ means theres more likely of a chance for those children to become successful throughout their lives. The New Boston study was performed to test whether or not students with musical training helped them in their years of school. They decided to compare kids who had trained with instruments to those that had not, and put them through functional MRI (Functional magnetic resonance imaging) scans. The children who had been through musical training had more activity on specific parts of the brain that had been proven to help them test better. Our findings suggest that musical training may actually help to set up children for a better academic future. (Flieser) A lot of people agree that instead of schools focusing their income on standardized testing, they should put more effort into musical arts.This would not only insure a higher success rate of fellow students, but it would also boost their levels of happiness. Who wouldnt want to replace a test for a chance at learning an instrument for free? Further research has proven that music taps into other skills other than simple aspects like hands or fingers, Making music involves more than the voice or fingers playing an instrument; a child learning about music has to tap into multiple skill sets, often simultaneously. (Brown) When playing an instrument, it requires a lot of effort and multiple things must all come together at once in order to perform the correct task. You use all different kinds of muscles to perform the actions such as your arm and finger muscles when playing a violin, or your vocal chords and esophagus when singing. You also use your eyes to read the notes off of paper, having to memorize what each little note sounds like, and then using those muscles to make that certain tune. Your ears, of course, are used to listen acutely to make sure youre playing the right note. Normally, if youve trained enough, you can tell when a note sounds out of tune, so your sense of hearing between different kind of sounds would naturally be increased. Learning an instrument also help with language development. They learn to process different sort of sounds better, and are able to make out and decipher words much easier. According to researchers, the effect of language development because of music can be shown in the more active parts of the brain. It increases the rate of growth in language development. The bond between language and music help compliment each other, so if a child studies in one area, they are more than likely going to get the hang of the other just as easily, The development of language over time tends to enhance parts of the brain that help process music, says Dr. Kyle Pruett, clinical professor of child psychiatry at Yale School of Medicine and a practicing musician. (Brown) Being musical, and being around people who are musically creative, can have a positive influence on the children, encouraging them to go to higher lengths and accomplish greater things. If you have an environment where there are a lot of people doing creative, smart, great things, joyful things, even people who arent doing that have a tendency to go up and do better.(Brown) According to Luehrisen, even those who are not involved in said activities can grow up to be more successful just because of the influence of the people around them. Just giving your child the opportunity to train with an instrument does not guarantee that your child will end up turning into some famous musician, but the fact that there is a connection there that exists with success does happen to mean a lot. He says music reinforces your confidence in the ability to create. (Lipman) Music in itself is a very creative hobby, but when training with it, it has the possibility to open your mind up to more ideas. That is why people who play with instruments often begin making a little tune of their own just for fun. Improvisation exists because of this reason as well. People play from their hearts and their minds making their tunes and melodies form together like a puzzle piece. Music is a wonderful thing. It has many, many positive aspects in life if you learn to get familiar with it. You dont have to be as skillful as Beethoven in order to insure success in your life. Just learning one instrument can have a dramatic change in your life, so if you havent already, go pick up one and see what lays in store for you. Work Cited Bergland, Christopher. Does Playing a Musical Instrument Make You Smarter? Psychology Today, Psychology Today, 25 June 2015, www.psychologytoday.com/blog/the-athletes-way/201406/does-playing-musical-instrument-make-you-smarter. Brown, Laura Lewis. The Benefits of Music Education. PBS, PBS, www.pbs.org/parents/education/music-arts/the-benefits-of-music-education/. Lipman, Joanne. Is Music the Key to Success? The New York Times, The New York Times, 12 Oct. 2013, www.nytimes.com/2013/10/13/opinion/sunday/is-music-the-key-to-success.html. Fliesler, Nancy. Does Musical Training Help Kids Do Better in School? Does Musical Training Help Kids Do Better in School?, Boston Childrens Hospital, 19 June 2014, vector.childrenshospital.org/2014/06/does-musical-training-help-kids-do-better-in-school/.

Plastic Bags :: Environment, Pollution

Millions of plastic bags are given out to consumers by supermarkets and stores to carry their goods in. They are also cheap, light, durable, easy to carry and in many cases, free. The most commonly used shopping bag is made of High Density Polyethylene (HDPE). This type is used in the majority of supermarkets and stores. After these bags are used, they often end up in landfills or as litter, roughly only three percent of plastic bags is actually recycled per year (Planet Ark, 2011). The materials used in making plastic bags make them non-biodegradable. According to the science dictionary, 2011 refers to â€Å"these materials cannot be decomposed into environmentally safe waste materials by the action of soil bacteria.† These harmful substances are toxic and take approximately four hundred years to break down, or in this case photo-degrade; which is how plastics made from (HDPE) break down. Since they are not biodegradable, they remain in the environment and are absorbed in s oil or water (Indian Centre for Plastics in the Environment, 2010). This essay will discuss the various harmful effects of plastic bags, and demonstrate the risks that these bags impose on humans, animals and the environment. It will also discuss a series of suggested solutions that could help reduce plastic bag usage. Although plastic bags appear to be fragile and light, their negative environmental effect is devastating. Plastic bags may cause large amounts of pollution in every step of their limited life cycle, from the extraction of raw materials, production, transportation, and recycling or disposal. Plastic bags can be defined as the most damaging form of environmental pollution. They can have a damaging effect on marine animals and wildlife in addition to the aesthetic effects on beaches, parks, and trees. Plastic bags are potentially one of the main causes of death to marine animals (Harbor keepers,2008). Up to one hundred thousand marine animals or more die each year from eating plastic bags which are mistaken for food. This can result in blocking the animal’s intestines and possibly lead to the animal’s death. Another possible situation is that wildlife, such as birds, can get tangled in plastic bags causing choking and immobility, which may eventually lead to death. (Senio r, 2008) and (Citizen Campaign, 2010). In other situations, after plastic bags photo degrade they remain toxic and could be eaten by fish, shellfish or any other marine life and survive this allows the toxins to enter our food chain through bioaccumulation (Puget Soundkeeper Alliance, 2011).

How Literature Reflects Communities Essay

Authors have historically used various literary works to reflect the societies in which their live. To this end, the actions of characters in literary works reflect existing social concepts whereas the surrounding society’s behavior mirrors on specific characters’ behaviors. In essence, societies and communities are normally depicted as mutually affecting each other. Notable cases of literary works in which such reciprocal interaction is demonstrated are the three short stories namely: William Faulkner’s A Rose for Emily; Flannery O’Connor’s Good Country People; and Toni Cade Bambara’s The Lesson. To illustrate, through his A Rose for Emily story, Faulkner describes Emily Grierson as being negatively affected by her surrounding society. In turn, Emily’s actions negatively impact of her compatriots. Likewise, through the Good Country People story, O’Connor describes the character named Joy Hopewell as negatively impacting on the people around her. Consecutively, the society in which Hopewell lives demonstrates an attitude that negatively affects her. In a similar version, Toni Cade Bambara’s The Lesson story illustrates the character called Miss Moore being negatively affected by her surrounding society. In response, Miss Moore demonstrates behaviors and attitudes that negatively impact on her compatriots. All in all, O’Connor – through Good Country People – Faulkner – through A Rose for Emily – as well as Bambara – through The Lesson short stories – describe their protagonists as reciprocally affecting and being affected by their societies in a negative way. For example, in Bambara’s The Lesson story, Miss Moore’s condescending opinion towards her compatriots – especially the children with which she spends most of her time – attracts disproval from the surrounding community. Consequently, both the children as well as the adults disrespect Miss Moore. For instance, Bambara notes that ‘the grown-ups (talk) †¦.. when †¦. behind her back like a dog,’ thus showing utter disrespect for Miss Moore (). Moore’s irritatingly patronizing nature is evident when she ‘looks at’ her students ‘ like she readin tea leaves’ (). The author thus presents a picture of an individual and the surrounding society mutually affecting each other in a negative manner. Likewise, through the A Rose for Emily story, Faulkner shows that Emily’s unbecoming behavior invites rude responses from her compatriots. For instance, Emily demonstrates impoliteness when she demonstrates stubbornness towards her society’s pleas that she pays taxes. She even firmly removes the society’s representatives from her house. Abruptly summoning Tobe – her manservant – Emily instructs him to ‘Show these gentlemen out’ (). In reaction, the society demonstrates indifference towards her as is evident from the narrator’s assertions that the society does not know of Emily’s sickness. To this end, the narrator remarks ‘We did not even know she was sick’ (). Similarly, through his Good Country People story, O’Connor depicts Joy Hopewell as a character who demonstrates haughtiness towards her compatriots – notably Mrs. Freeman and Hopewell ‘s mother – the result being that she becomes painfully alienated from her society. For example, because she is educated , Hopewell mocks all people around her as is evident from her remark that her mother is ‘bloated, rude, and squint-eyed’ (). In reaction, society alienates Hopewell , thus making her to beg her mother to wholesomely accept her. A deeply remorseful Hopewell cries out to the mother saying ‘like I am’ take me (). In conclusion, the issue of individuals negatively reacting with their surrounding communities is clearly evident through the 3 stories, Good Country People, The Lesson, as well as A Rose for Emily. Good Country People’s Hopewell suffers segregation due to her arrogant attitude towards her compatriots. Likewise, A Rose for Emily’s Emily suffers segregation due to her condescending view of her society. Lastly, The Lesson’s Miss Moore’s is disrespected by society owing to her attitude of viewing her compatriots as being unknowledgeable.